Geosciences

Winter Semester

Brief description
Principles of Structural Geology, stress and strain analysis, deformation, its types and governing geological factors, brittle and ductile geological structures, faults, fractures, cleavage, veins, stylolites, boundinage, and folds; orientation analysis, compass data; mapping of structures, maps, structural maps, cross sections, blockdiagrams, seismic sections and well logs

For whom
Bachelor-level students of Geosciences

Prerequisites
fundamentals of geology, geological processes, geological principles and stratigraphy, knowledge of basic rock types and rock-forming minerals

STAG information system: KGE/XASG

Brief description

For whom

Prerequisites

STAG information system: KGE/XAG

Brief description
Introduction to drilling engineering principles and operations, including drilling rig components and their functions, drill string design and selection, and drill bit technologies. The course covers drilling fluids, their properties and roles in well control and efficiency, as well as casing design and cementing techniques to ensure well integrity and zonal isolation.

For whom
Second-year undergraduate students in Petroleum Engineering or related engineering disciplines.

Prerequisites
Basic knowledge of engineering principles, mathematics, and introductory geology.

STAG information system: KGE/XDE

Brief description

For whom

Prerequisites

STAG information system: KGE/XDG

Brief description

For whom

Prerequisites

STAG information system: KGE/TCEGF

Brief description

For whom

Prerequisites

STAG information system: KGE/XFE

Brief description

For whom

Prerequisites

STAG information system: KGE/GEZPF

Brief description
Historical Geology of the Middle East, Geology of the Arabian Plate, Tectonics and Orogeny, Great Rift Valley, Geology of Iraq

For whom
Bachelor's and Master's students with basic knowledge of rocks and dynamic geology

Prerequisites
fundamentals of geology, geological processes, knowledge of basic rock types

STAG information system: KGE/XGME

Brief description

For whom

Prerequisites

STAG information system: KGE/XGPH

Brief description
Within this course students will learn the ground penetration radar (GPR) history, theory, data processing and different applications (geological, geographical, civil engineering, archaeology etc.) in and various conditions. In the practical part of this course students will learn how to collect and process the GPR data.

For whom
Bachelor and master degree students

Prerequisites
fundamentals of physics and geology

STAG information system: KGE/ENGPR

Brief description
polarized microscope and its accessories, optical properties of minerals, microscopy of mineral signs (cleavage, relief, refractory index, shape, grain size, inclusions, extinction angle, interference colour, birefringence, etc.), Practical determination of rock-forming minerals

For whom
Beginners in geological bachelor studies (not 1st year), Students of other Geosciences SP (Geography, Geoinformatics, etc.) at the beginning of master studies with completed bachelor degree

Prerequisites
knowledge of basic rock types and rock-forming minerals

STAG information system: KGE/XMRR

Brief description
Minerals – definition, classification, basic properties for identification, importance/use, rock-forming minerals. Rocks – definition, origin, textures and structures, classification.

For whom
Students at the beginning of bachelor studies, no previous knowledge about minerals or rocks are anticipated.

Prerequisites
None at the university level, secondary school levels of chemistry (chemical elements and inorganic compounds, chemical bonds) and physics (basic physical properties of matter).

STAG information system: KGE/XMP

Brief description

For whom

Prerequisites

STAG information system: KGE/FPEMF

Brief description

For whom

Prerequisites

STAG information system: KGE/XPPE

Brief description
Quaternary and its stratigraphy, climatic changes, their triggers and evidence in sedimentary record, Quaternary climatic cycle, Quaternary geological processes in the Czech Republic

For whom
Students at the beginning of master studies with completed bachelor degree

Prerequisites
fundamentals of geology, geological processes, geological principles and stratigraphy, knowledge of basic rock types and rock-forming minerals

STAG information system: KGE/GK

Brief description
Quaternary and its stratigraphy, climatic changes, their triggers and evidence in sedimentary record, Quaternary climatic cycle, Quaternary geological processes in the Czech Republic

For whom
Students at the beginning of master studies with completed bachelor degree

Prerequisites
fundamentals of geology, geological processes, geological principles and stratigraphy, knowledge of basic rock types and rock-forming minerals

STAG information system: KGE/XGK

Brief description
Origin and composition of soils and rocks, basic properties. Classification of soils and rocks, technological properties. Descriptive and index properties of soils. Filtration, deformation and strength parameters. Testing of rocks, shear strength of discontinuity filling. Stress, strain, principle of effective stresses.

For whom
Bachelor's and Master's students

Prerequisites
no

STAG information system: KGE/XMECH

Brief description

For whom

Prerequisites

STAG information system: KGE/XSP

Brief description
Introduction to data, univariate statistical data analyses, frequency distributions, descriptive statistics, probability, statistical hypothesis testing, two-dimensional data sets, regression and correlation

For whom
Bachelor degree students

Prerequisites
fundamentals of mathematics, advanced PC skills

STAG information system: KGE/XSTGE

Brief description
The course focuses on the practical education of physical geography, advanced field data collection methods and their processing in GIS.

For whom
Students in Bachelor as well as Master studies.

Prerequisites
Basic knowledge of mapping, orientation in GIT on a basic level.

STAG information system: KGG/QALM

Brief description
Advantages, challenges and pitfalls of using educational games in the classroom. Learning how to create own educational game.

For whom
Students in Bachelor as well as Master studies. The course is recommended to students, who want to become teachers.

Prerequisites
Ideally basic orientation in pedagogy.

STAG information system: KGG/QGAM

Brief description
Five days in the field plus two indoor sessions. Practical application of knowledge acquired in individual geographical disciplines focused on the assessment of visited destinations.

For whom
Students in Bachelor as well as Master studies.

Prerequisites
Ideally basic orientation is tourism geography and local/regional development.

STAG information system: KGG/QKGEX

Brief description
Preparing a research design - goals, approaches and methodology of geographical research, both theoretically and practically.

For whom
Students in Bachelor as well as Master studies.

Prerequisites
At least one year of univeristy/college studies.

STAG information system: KGG/QOR

Brief description
Physical science basis of climate change, adaptation and mitigation strategies, regional impacts of climate change.

For whom
Students in Bachelor as well as Master studies.

Prerequisites
Basic orientation in climatology.

STAG information system: KGG/QCLIC

Brief description
Geographical-political position of the Czech Republic, historical-geographical development of Czech lands, basic physical-geographical characteristics, basic human-geographical characteristics.

For whom
Students in Bachelor as well as Master studies.

Prerequisites
Basic IT skills.

STAG information system: KGG/QCZR

Brief description
Work with freely accessible GIT softwares and their use in a creation of online interactive thematic maps.

For whom
Students in Bachelor as well as Master studies.

Prerequisites
Basic IT skills.

STAG information system: KGG/QGIG

Brief description
Practical exercises dealing with the mapping of landscape elements or phenomena using both classical and modern technologies. An integral part of the subject is a fieldwork.

For whom
Students in Bachelor as well as Master studies.

Prerequisites
Basic IT skills.

STAG information system: KGG/QLMAP

Brief description
Application of geographical knowledge and methods in the region of Central Europe. Selected geographical features and current topics in the region by means of seminar presentations, including the ability to present the achieved results in a concise form and meaningfully discuss the researched topics.

For whom
Students in Bachelor as well as Master studies.

Prerequisites
A general overview of Central European affairs.

STAG information system: KGG/QRGCE

Brief description
Basic geographical characteristics, the most important political geographical, social, economic and safety problems, regional outline.

For whom
Students in Bachelor as well as Master studies.

Prerequisites
Basic IT skills.

STAG information system: KGG/QBAL

Brief description
Collecting, processing and analyzing data for the needs of the regional information system, including the creation of advanced map outputs. Examples of regional information systems in practice.

For whom
Students in Bachelor as well as Master studies.

Prerequisites
Basic GIS skills.

STAG information system: KGG/QRIS

Brief description
The course provides an overview of various possibilities of geospatial 3D visualisation, both on-screen (3D data and maps, 3D scenes, virtual reality) and physical (3D printing technologies), with a focus on up-to-date trends.

For whom
Students at any level of university studies, preferably after 2+ years of geoinformatics/cartography/geography studies.

Prerequisites
General computer skills, intermediate knowledge of geoinformatics (awareness of some GIS software, analysis methods, and tools), own laptop.

STAG information system: KGI/XG3DV

Brief description
The course develops mostly practical skills of the whole map design process (from obtaining data via the creation process up to result propagation), performed by solving a self-selected topic of a semester project, solved step-by-step, with regular presentation days.

For whom
Students at any level of university studies, preferably after 1+ years of geoinformatics/cartography/geography studies.

Prerequisites
General computer skills, basic skills in geoinformatics (awareness of some GIS software, analysis methods, and tools) or cartography (map design), own laptop.

STAG information system: KGI/KAPR

Brief description
The course develops theoretical and practical knowledge of cognitive evaluation methods, experiment design, user surveys, and eye-tracking technology.

For whom
Students at any level of university studies, preferably after 1+ years of geoinformatics/cartography/geography studies.

Prerequisites
General computer skills, intermediate knowledge of geoinformatics (awareness of some GIS software, analysis methods, and tools), own laptop.

STAG information system: KGI/XGCC

Brief description
The course develops graphic design skills, focusing on attractive map design, infographics, user aspects, computer graphics, and pre-print preparation of graphics.

For whom
Students at any level of university studies, preferably after 1+ years of geoinformatics/cartography/geography studies.

Prerequisites
General computer skills, basic cartographic skills (or studying simultaneously the KGI/XGPG Principles of Geovisualization course), own laptop. Basic knowledge of some graphic design software is an advantage.

STAG information system: KGI/XGDG

Brief description
The course develops advanced graphic design skills, focusing on pre-print preparation of graphics, booklet design, and graphics production processes.

For whom
Students at any level of university studies, preferably after 1+ years of geoinformatics/cartography/geography studies.

Prerequisites
General computer skills, own laptop. Basic knowledge of geoinformatics, cartography, or some graphic design software is an advantage.

STAG information system: KGI/XGDPC

Brief description
The course provides an introduction to Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) including available data sources, processes for modelling DEMs, terrain and surface analysis and their visualisation.

For whom
Students at any level of university studies, preferably after 1+ years of geoinformatics/cartography/geography studies.

Prerequisites
General computer skills, intermediate knowledge of geoinformatics (awareness of some GIS software, analysis methods, and tools), own laptop.

STAG information system: KGI/DIMOT

Brief description
The course provides an introduction to Geographic Information System (GIS) and its various application domains in geoinformatics – designing maps, geospatial analysis, data processing, and data-driven decision making.

For whom
Students at any level of university studies.

Prerequisites
General computer skills with no specific software knowledge necessary, own laptop.

STAG information system: KGI/GI

Brief description
The course provides an introduction to specific applications of Geographic Information System (GIS) in geography – multicriterial analysis, geospatial planning, remote sensing, map design&evaluation, etc.

For whom
Students at any level of university studies.

Prerequisites
General computer skills with no specific software knowledge necessary, own laptop.

STAG information system: KGI/GINEW

Brief description
The course develops both theoretical knowledge and practical skills of map design, including basic methods of map visualisation, map layout composition, use of colours, and other variables to represent any type of geographic data.

For whom
Students at any level of university studies, preferably after 1+ years of geoinformatics/cartography/geography studies.

Prerequisites
General computer skills, basic knowledge of geoinformatics (awareness of some GIS software, elementary methods, and analysis), own laptop.

STAG information system: KGI/XGPG

Brief description
The course develops advanced theoretical knowledge and practical skills of thematic mapping, including various methods for visualising statistical and other thematic data, specific data use, multivariate mapping, and specific disciplines (e.g., 3D and tactile cartography).

For whom
Students at any level of university studies, preferably after 1+ years of geoinformatics/cartography/geography studies.

Prerequisites
General computer skills, basic cartographic skills (or studying simultaneously the KGI/XGPG Principles of Geovisualization course), own laptop.

STAG information system: KGI/XGTC

Brief description
The course develops theoretical knowledge and practical skills of designing web maps using various platforms for developing web map applications and interactive dashboards.

For whom
Students at any level of university studies, preferably after 2+ years of geoinformatics/cartography/geography studies.

Prerequisites
General computer skills, basic knowledge of geoinformatics (awareness of some GIS software, elementary methods, and analysis), basic cartographic skills (or studying simultaneously the KGI/XGPG Principles of Geovisualization course), own laptop.

STAG information system: KGI/XGWC


Summer Semester

Brief description

For whom

Prerequisites

STAG information system: KGE/XCRCH

Brief description

For whom

Prerequisites

STAG information system: KGE/XEOR

Brief description
Human skeleton and his development in prehistory; archaeological cultures from early prehistory to early Middle Ages; technological developments; statistical processing of archaeological data

For whom
Students enrolled in a master’s program

Prerequisites
Fundamentals of geology, statistics and human evolution

STAG information system: KGE/VCMKF

Brief description
Geological and geomorphological excursion. Practical field exercises in geology and geomorphology in the territory of Moravia and Silesia. Documentation of outcrops, description, demonstrations of basic geological and geomorphological phenomena.

For whom
Bachelor's and Master's students

Prerequisites
fundamentals of geology, geological processes, knowledge of basic rock types

STAG information system: KGE/GEGEF

Brief description
the field presentation of basic phenomena of exogenic and endogenic dynamics, primary documentation of rock outcrops, measurement of structural elements, measurement of petrophysical properties of rocks

For whom
Beginners in geological bachelor studies (not 1st year), Students of other Geosciences SP (Geography, Geoinformatics, etc.) at the beginning of master studies with completed bachelor degree

Prerequisites
fundamentals of geological processes, geological principles and stratigraphy, knowledge of basic rock types and minerals

STAG information system: KGE/TCGEF

Brief description
Geology of the Eastern and Southern Alps; six days in the field in Austria, Slovenia and Northern Italy, usually in June / September; about 15 geological sites of interest including sedimentary, metamorphic, igneous rocks and tectonic structures are visited, some of them including high-mountain hiking; travelling by minivan, sleeping in camping sites (tents, sleeping bags required)

For whom
Master's level students of Geosciences

Prerequisites
fundamentals of geology, geological processes, geological principles and stratigraphy, knowledge of basic rock types and rock-forming minerals

STAG information system: KGE/ZGEX

Brief description

For whom

Prerequisites

STAG information system: KGE/XGH

Brief description

For whom

Prerequisites

STAG information system: KGE/XHYGE

Brief description

For whom

Prerequisites

STAG information system: KGE/UGM

Brief description
Basic facts about anthropogenic global warming; Earth´s climatic system and its subsystems; greenhouse effect, greenhouse gases; carbon cycle and geological factors, weathering, metamorphism, volcanism, ocean alkalinity and carbonate systems; astronomical Milankovitch cyclicity; paleoclimatologic proxies, d18O, d13C, alkenone paleothermometer, ice cores, overview of Earth´s climate through geological time

For whom
Bachelor-level or Master´s level students of Geosciences

Prerequisites
fundamentals of geology and/or physical geography

STAG information system: KGE/PKLIM

Brief description

For whom

Prerequisites

STAG information system: KGE/XPEC

Brief description
Rock environment and petrophysics; physical and chemical properties of oil, natural gas and formation water; kerogen, origin and migration of hydrocarbons; thermal maturation; petroleum traps; reservoir and seal rocks; methods of exploration; sedimentary basins and petroleum systems; unconventional oil resources; carbon dioxide sequestration in petroleum systems; renewable resources – hydrogen, controlled methanogenesis

For whom
Bachelor-level students of Geosciences

Prerequisites
fundamentals of geology, geological processes, geological principles and stratigraphy, knowledge of basic rock types and rock-forming minerals

STAG information system: KGE/XPPG

Brief description

For whom

Prerequisites

STAG information system: KGE/XRE

Brief description
Sedimentary grains and fluids in geology; fundamentals of fluid dynamics; sedimentary structures and textures; components and classification of sedimentary rocks; diagenesis; facies and depositional environments; stratigraphy – basic principles; basic overview of methods in stratigraphy (litho-, bio-, magneto-, chemo-, and sequence stratigraphy)

For whom
Bachelor-level students of Geosciences

Prerequisites
fundamentals of geology, geological processes, geological principles and stratigraphy, knowledge of basic rock types and rock-forming minerals

STAG information system: KGE/XSES

Brief description
Fundamentals of well completion design and production systems, including completion equipment and surface/subsurface facilities. The course addresses perforation techniques, workover operations, and intervention methods used to maintain and enhance well productivity. It also introduces advanced well concepts and common wellbore production problems.

For whom
Second-year undergraduate students in Petroleum Engineering.

Prerequisites
Basic understanding of petroleum engineering concepts and well construction.

STAG information system: KGE/XWCW

Brief description
Drilling technology and borehole environment; sampling and resolution; lithology and porosity logs; overview of well-log methods: Thermometry logs, Resistivity and conductivity logs, Gamma-ray and spectral GR logs, Sonic logs, Density logs, Neutron logs; Borehole imaging; Data formats and pre-processing, generation of curves, Introduction to well log analysis software (MOVE, Petrel)

For whom
Bachelor-level students of Geosciences

Prerequisites
fundamentals of geology, geological processes, geological principles and stratigraphy, knowledge of basic rock types and rock-forming minerals

STAG information system: KGE/XWLA

Brief description
Principles of fluid flow in porous media and their application in well testing and reservoir evaluation. Topics include drawdown and buildup testing, pressure transient analysis, and interpretation of well test data. The course also covers well testing in fractured reservoirs, providing tools for reservoir characterization and production optimization.

For whom
Third-year undergraduate students in Petroleum Engineering.

Prerequisites
Knowledge of fluid mechanics, reservoir engineering fundamentals, and basic mathematics.

STAG information system: KGE/XWT

Brief description
The course focuses on the practical education of physical geography, advanced field data collection methods and their processing in GIS.

For whom
Students in Bachelor as well as Master studies.

Prerequisites
Basic knowledge of mapping, orientation in GIT on a basic level.

STAG information system: KGG/QALM

Brief description
Question of conflicts' origin and their contemporary state (definition of global and regional problems, problem areas and their basic features, conflict resolution).

For whom
Students in Bachelor as well as Master studies.

Prerequisites
A general overview of world affairs, basic orientation in political geography.

STAG information system: KGG/QCRCW

Brief description
Advantages, challenges and pitfalls of using educational games in the classroom. Learning how to create own educational game.

For whom
Students in Bachelor as well as Master studies. The course is recommended to students, who want to become teachers.

Prerequisites
Ideally basic orientation in pedagogy.

STAG information system: KGG/QGAM

Brief description
Understanding the demographic context of geographical phenomena and processes, overview of methods for collecting, processing, and evaluating demographic data.

For whom
Students in Bachelor as well as Master studies.

Prerequisites
Basic IT skills.

STAG information system: KGG/QZDG

Brief description
Five days in the field plus two indoor sessions. Practical application of knowledge acquired in individual geographical disciplines focused on the assessment of visited destinations.

For whom
Students in Bachelor as well as Master studies.

Prerequisites
Ideally basic orientation is tourism geography and local/regional development.

STAG information system: KGG/QKGEX

Brief description
Six days in the field. Practical application of knowledge acquired in individual geographical disciplines focused on the assessment of visited destinations.

For whom
Students in Bachelor as well as Master studies.

Prerequisites
none

STAG information system: KGG/QZGEX

Brief description
Preparing a research design - goals, approaches and methodology of geographical research, both theoretically and practically.

For whom
Students in Bachelor as well as Master studies.

Prerequisites
At least one year of univeristy/college studies.

STAG information system: KGG/QOR

Brief description
Physical science basis of climate change, adaptation and mitigation strategies, regional impacts of climate change.

For whom
Students in Bachelor as well as Master studies.

Prerequisites
Basic orientation in climatology.

STAG information system: KGG/QDCLI

Brief description
Geographical-political position of the Czech Republic, historical-geographical development of Czech lands, basic physical-geographical characteristics, basic human-geographical characteristics.

For whom
Students in Bachelor as well as Master studies.

Prerequisites
Basic IT skills.

STAG information system: KGG/QCZR

Brief description
Work with freely accessible GIT softwares and their use in a creation of online interactive thematic maps.

For whom
Students in Bachelor as well as Master studies.

Prerequisites
Basic IT skills.

STAG information system: KGG/QGIG

Brief description
Practical exercises dealing with the mapping of landscape elements or phenomena using both classical and modern technologies. An integral part of the subject is a fieldwork.

For whom
Students in Bachelor as well as Master studies.

Prerequisites
Basic IT skills.

STAG information system: KGG/QLMAP

Brief description
Application of geographical knowledge and methods in the region of Central Europe. Selected geographical features and current topics in the region by means of seminar presentations, including the ability to present the achieved results in a concise form and meaningfully discuss the researched topics.

For whom
Students in Bachelor as well as Master studies.

Prerequisites
A general overview of Central European affairs.

STAG information system: KGG/QDGCE

Brief description
Basic geographical characteristics, the most important political geographical, social, economic and safety problems, regional outline.

For whom
Students in Bachelor as well as Master studies.

Prerequisites
Basic IT skills.

STAG information system: KGG/QBAL

Brief description
Collecting, processing and analyzing data for the needs of the regional information system, including the creation of advanced map outputs. Examples of regional information systems in practice.

For whom
Students in Bachelor as well as Master studies.

Prerequisites
Basic GIS skills.

STAG information system: KGG/QRIS

Brief description
The course develops advanced theoretical knowledge and practical skills of map design, focusing on advanced and rare visualisation methods, big data phenomenon, and mapping spatio-temporal patterns for deep data analysis.

For whom
Students at any level of university studies, preferably after 2+ years of geoinformatics/cartography/geography studies.

Prerequisites
General computer skills, intermediate geoinformatics and cartographic skills, awareness of the ArcGIS Pro software environment, own laptop.

STAG information system: KGI/XGAVM

Brief description
The course develops mostly practical skills of analysis tools and methods in ArcGIS software, performed on various data types and solving diverse application domains.

For whom
Students at any level of university studies, preferably after 1+ years of geoinformatics/cartography/geography studies.

Prerequisites
General computer skills, basic knowledge of geoinformatics (awareness of elementary methods and analysis), awareness of the ArcGIS Pro software environment.

STAG information system: KGI/ANGIS

Brief description
The course develops mostly practical skills of the whole map design process (from obtaining data via the creation process up to result propagation), performed by solving a self-selected topic of a semester project, solved step-by-step, with regular presentation days.

For whom
Students at any level of university studies, preferably after 1+ years of geoinformatics/cartography/geography studies.

Prerequisites
General computer skills, basic skills in geoinformatics (awareness of some GIS software, analysis methods, and tools) or cartography (map design), own laptop.

STAG information system: KGI/XGCP

Brief description
The course develops mostly practical skills of the process of applying geoinformatics skills for geographic topics, performed by solving a semester project within a team of classmates.

For whom
Students at any level of university studies, preferably after 1+ years of geoinformatics/cartography/geography studies.

Prerequisites
General computer skills, basic skills in geoinformatics (awareness of some GIS software, analysis methods, and tools).

STAG information system: KGI/GEOPR

Brief description
The course provides an introduction to Geographic Information System (GIS) and its various application domains in geoinformatics – designing maps, geospatial analysis, data processing, and data-driven decision making.

For whom
Students at any level of university studies.

Prerequisites
General computer skills with no specific software knowledge necessary, own laptop.

STAG information system: KGI/GI

Brief description
The course provides an overview of applying geoinformatics in the field of urban and spatial planning, focusing the urban applications, geodesign, spatial planning documentation, data, and land register.

For whom
Students at any level of university studies, preferably after 1+ years of geoinformatics/cartography/geography studies.

Prerequisites
General computer skills, basic knowledge of geoinformatics (awareness of elementary methods and analysis), awareness of the ArcGIS Pro software environment, own laptop.

STAG information system: KGI/GURBA

Brief description
The course provides an introduction to the Geographic Information System (GIS) and the diversity of its applications in geography and petroleum engineering.

For whom
Students at any level of university studies.

Prerequisites
General computer skills with no specific software knowledge necessary, own laptop. Basic knowledge of geoinformatics is an advantage.

STAG information system: KGI/XGIS

Brief description
The course provides an introduction to specific applications of Geographic Information System (GIS) in geography – multicriterial analysis, geospatial planning, remote sensing, map design&evaluation, etc.

For whom
Students at any level of university studies, preferably after 1+ years of geoinformatics/cartography/geography studies.

Prerequisites
General computer skills with no specific software knowledge necessary, own laptop.

STAG information system: KGI/GINEW

Privacy settings

We use cookies and any other network identifiers on our website that may contain personal data (e.g. about how you browse our website). We and some of the service providers we use have access to or store this data on your device. This data helps us to operate and improve our services. For some purposes, your consent is required to process data collected in this way. You can change or revoke your consent at any time (see the link at the bottom the page).

(Essential cookies enable basic functions and are necessary for the website to function properly.)
(Statistics cookies collect information anonymously. This information helps us to understand how our visitors use our website.)
(They are designed for promotional purposes, measuring the success of promotional campaigns, etc.)